However, in 1979, the Islamic Revolution overthrew the secular monarchy and the Islamic Republic was subsequently established. Breuer developed what he referred to as a cathartic treatment for hysteria. Largely, ones family is the biggest social indicator of status. Are Zoomies a Sign of a Happy Dog or a Crazy Dog? Seer: It is garlic and represents medicine or health. This being said, most families seek to encourage individuals to be independent. (35-year-old female). People generally had more the freedom of choice and expression over, for example, whether they wished to pray or wear a hijab. Among Muslims, the idea of testing (Ekhtebar) is rather robust. This happened in the midst of human civilization through invasions. Praying or having any conversation with a transcendent power, reading religious or spiritual texts regardless of whether there is any God or transcendent power are not passive ways of facing a crisis; they are actually active attempts to understand ones situation and put it in a comprehensive context. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the region, and it has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. The holy places may also function as reminders of God; Islamic/Quranic teachings argue that remembrance of Allah leads to peace and satisfaction: Those who believe and whose hearts find peace in the remembrance of Allh. Careful consideration was made during this phase. Even today with rampant urbanization, Iranians value nature and make every attempt to spend time in the open air. They verified the process of coding and categorisation. One 41-year-old man explained this: We have a responsibility to act. Examples include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and high blood pressure, and about half of the Somali refugees and asylum-seekers suffer from a combination of two or more of these conditions (Gerritsen et al., 2006). Role of Mother: Traditionally, Hmong mothers nurture and take care of the children. Iranians take their responsibilities to their family quite seriously. Relevance to clinical practice Vegetables are central to the Iranian diet, with onions an ingredient of virtually every dish. Religious association also has powerful leverage in society. such as religious beliefs, social norms, and family values. The notion that illness is a test imposed on us by God is an old one. Islam is practiced by the majority of Iranians and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives. Another coping method in this category is Punishing God Reappraisal. Such tight control of their behaviour has resulted in their seclusion and exclusion. All these things calm me down and give me strength. Generally, young adults hide the existence of their girlfriend or boyfriend from their parents (especially the father) until they have ascertained that their relationship will lead to marriage. I should make myself a better person. Cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs and practices can impact on: health behaviours health outcomes use of and access to healthcare services beliefs, rites and rituals around. Stigma surrounding psychological disorders in Iran often leads to isolation, as fear of judgment and ridicule creates barriers to pursuing treatment. Spiritual Connection means experiencing a sense of connectedness with forces that transcend the individual as a coping method to gain comfort. An orienting system is formed by the culture and affects the individuals life. Mexicans are very Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. They are expected to be clean, well-behaved, and good students. Health customs: In some cultures, family members play a large role in health care decisionmaking. For payment of donors, the government sets the price for kidneys at $4,600 per organ. The eye is a pragmatic element in both cultures. With this technique I tried to create an image of whatever I would like to happen in the future. Role of Father: In traditional families, the father is the head of the household. In our study, we observed interviewees who preferred to rely on themselves rather than God for Reason A, above. The first one is conversation with God and saints. Twenty-seven participants with various kinds of cancer were interviewed. You might choose a career based on your family culture by picking something you know your family values. However, as men dominate the public sphere and hold more decision-making power, womens authority is mostly limited to the domestic space. While this is statistically unlikely to happen, it is a consideration that affects behaviour. As such, women are expected to cover up anything that could be considered an erotic provocateur to avoid unwanted public attention i.e. This high rate of cesarean requires careful consideration. Even Iranians that leave the house as husband and wife can draw negative attention. The Fatima Masumeh Shrine in Qom, Iran is one of the holiest sites for Shia M Indeed, subjects that Australians often avoid (politics and religion) are not necessarily taboo conversations among friends and colleagues in Iran. Religious actions are integrated parts of the everyday life of people in Muslim countries, including Iran. For more information please visit our Permissions help page. Cultural behaviors have important implications for human health. A 75-year-old woman told us: When the doctor said I had cancer, my children were extremely worried but I tried to comfort them to not be worried and said they should trust in God. Still, when religion plays a predominant role as a coping resource, this is often because the individual has few or limited other alternatives available in his/her immediate sociocultural context. Show abstract. 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. Italian Culture and Its Impact on the World. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the patient tries to gain comfort and control. Elderly parents are dependent on adult children and grandchildren. Mexican Family Culture: Important Values, Traditions, and Beliefs. The healthcare and medical sector's market value in Iran was almost US$24 billion in 2002 and is forecast to rise to US$96 billion in 2017. Indeed, general society embraces science and development, and there seems to be a cultural consensus that Islamic principles do not necessarily contradict technological and scientific progress. It is in the remembrance of Allh alone that the hearts really find peace.Footnote3 Holy places may play the role of a safe haven in which one can experience peace and safety a place to freely discharge negative affects and emotions; this may be similar to the idea of catharsis. This cultural content is crucial in constructing individuals identities and ethical/moral worldview, which in its turn serves as an orienting system when navigating social relationships. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Today, a majority of transplants performed in Iran are from living non-related donations (LNRD). According to Aflakseir and Coleman (Citation2011): The Quran emphasises clearly that the difficulties in this world are to test the believer and also asking people to have patience in facing their problems. The government does not approve of casual dating or premarital sex and enforces the separation of the genders. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. We don't wish to prevent doctors from practising in line with their beliefs and values, as long as they also follow the guidance in Good medical practice. Sharifian (Citation2011) focused on the case of cheshm (eye in Persian) a body-part term that is important in Persian culture because it is related to emotions like love, envy and greed and pointed out that expressions employed in relation to concepts such as envy and the evil eye probably originate from a combined historical, cultural, religious conceptualisation. It has had a Muslim majority population for centuries and so the culture is deeply characterised by its strong Islamic influence. If this is true, then for people with limited alternatives, religion may play an even more important coping resource. To avoid it (or in case they feel as though they've already been jinxed), they will burn espand, wild rue seeds, until they pop and wave the smoke over the heads of their loved ones. (p. 46). This is called Shafaah. As the present findings show, the RCOPE methods appear to be of great importance to the Iranian interviewees. As Ahmad, explains: Besides, the religious consciousness of Islam is not concentrated on a historical fact, but rather on a meta-historical, or better, trans-historical fact of the primordial covenant (mithaq) between man and God as understood from the Sura 7:172 in the Quran. Although recognition of mental-health problems in Iran has arguably increased over the past few years, considerable stigma still exists. In many studies in the field of coping, the terms religious and spiritual have been used to address coping methods that are essentially based on existential issues. These relationships can provide support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies. (53-year-old female), Hand in hand with God, we walked together on this path. In this regard, a 53-year-old woman, told us: I never ask the clergy for help.. Patients in Somalia commonly exhibit symptoms of chronic disorders in response to stress and turmoil. I believe everybody has sinned somehow. Centuries of gender discrimination and segregation of sexes has created distinct roles and codes of behavior for both the sexes and many are still practiced today. The interviews varied in length, from around one hour to one and half hours. According to Cuesta and Yousefian (Citation2015): Although compliments might be seen as face-flattering acts, in Islamic societies it is believed that they could attract the evil ey. The health care beliefs and values of Mexican-Americans. Eyes, although tremendously important in sexual and affectional relations, are also regarded an important body part because they can attract evil. Serkeh: Vinegar symbolizes age and patience. Families tend to be small, only 1 or 2 children, but the extended family is quite close. The term existential coping is employed because these methods involve individuals efforts to discover an inwardly source in nature, themselves or others that can assist them in coping with their problems. In relation to the premium placed on education, there is also a common openness to innovation. The interviews were conducted from November 2017 through December 2017, and the transcription process was completed by February 2018. Nonna Khakpour, Contributing Writer, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. Families tend to be small, only 1 or 2 children, but the extended family is quite close. In this respect, two interviewees understood their collaboration with God as follows: I dont believe in predestination. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well', and should include retrieval of individuals' cultural and religious beliefs and values, and preferences for care. Demonic Reappraisal - which refers to redefining the stressor as an act of the Devil/an evil power is another coping method we found in the present study. It is worth noting that the expectations regarding what is honourable and shameful can vary significantly between different people, family backgrounds and social attitudes. It is important for non-Muslims to understand that many Iranians generally recognise the government as the source of their complaint, not Islam. I always went to pilgrims when I was under chemotherapy. There is a huge variation in social codes, behaviours and beliefs between different regions of Iran. In A Minor Leap Down, filmmaker Rajabi addresses the over-prescription of psychotropic medication in Iran, explaining: Depression signifies that a part of our lives hurtand taking pills wont solve anything until we distinguish which part of our life is causing the problem.. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Here the concept of savab (reward) comes into the picture. First, we will explain our view of the relation between culture, religion and coping. We found two patterns. 5. Essential to our study is, thus, not the study of coping only from a psychological perceptive but mainly the role of culture in the present study; we define culture as a system of beliefs, traditions, customs, art, history, folklore, institutions, norm and values and how they are expressed a system that is shared by members of a society, community or group. Registered in England & Wales No. Full-text available. We find two patterns regarding such connectedness. In our study, we found a tendency toward using these habits as coping strategies to gain comfort and closeness to God. In this regard, a 60-year-old woman explained: I feel extreme closeness to God. He was married to a Persian princess. When Nahal is told shes had a miscarriage, instead of seeking support from her familywho have, in the past, refused to recognize her struggle with depressionshe keeps the news to herself, leading to desperation. Awareness can translate to an enhanced understanding of the complexity of mental-health problems in a culture that holds rigid attitudes about mental health and illness. Someone who is a theologian is presumed to have the moral high ground and power in decision-making, gaining them a lot of respect. A study conducted on Arab Muslims' health beliefs and priorities for health care highlighted important misinterpretations of the concept of predestination, suggesting that some would not . The Persians were only one of these tribes who settled in the territory of Persis (also Parsa, modern-day Fars) which would give them their name. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. Most of the participants were Shia Muslims. Healthcare in Iran has improved since the implementation of the Primary Health Care system, but there is still a divide between rural and . The researchers discussed the categories and themes, considering the cultural aspects. In an effort to study from a sociological perspective more closely the role of culture in cancer patients meaning-making coping methods, an international project has been conducted in 10 countries (Sweden, South Korea, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Portugal, Brazil, Turkey and Iran). Iran is an Islamic republic, both officially and in practice. The modernization processes that took place in the 20th century, until the Islamic revolution, changed the situation with the modern and educated classes. Nevertheless, many parents suggest partners to their children, who then may or may not agree with their recommendation. As in other studies in the international project, after translation of the transcribed interviews, the interview protocols were coded in line with the themes found in the study using a thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, Citation2006) and the MAXQDA software (version 12). Naturally, in most societies religion is not the sole available resource in an individuals orienting system; there are other dimensions in life e.g., biological, psychological, social, and environmental to which a person can turn when faced with adversity. Chief Editor: Robert T. Muller, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. The transcriptions were then coded, categorised, and thematised using a thematic analysis method. culture and values, Nigerians progressively imbibed the white-men's way of life and values (Nwabuisi, 2000). Nevertheless, while politics is commonly ridiculed, most people are very reluctant to criticise Islam both from a social standpoint and a moral/theological perspective. This religious governance directly affects the public, political, economic and legal aspects of people's lives. Depends on the family, the guests' number changes between 150 to even 2000 people. Angela Sanchez. After all the interviews had been transcribed and analyzed, the main citations (participants responses and statements) for each category were translated into English by the researchers. Behaviour in Iran is also noticeably influenced by peoples perceptions of pride and dignity. By the likes of tall poppy syndrome, people are expected to be humble and unassuming about themselves. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. Rice and fresh unleavened or semi leavened whole-grain bread are staple starches. While the nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks are sometimes quite large. Role of Culture in Healthcare Decision-Making. TEHRAN, Nov. 18 (MNA) - According to PersianRestaurant.org, food culture is the practices, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food. Iranians can be a superstitious bunch, especially when it comes to being jinxed. I think one thing that helped me was to walk this path alone. Coding continued until a high level of inter-rater agreement was reached. Besides these seven items, Iranian people paint eggs and put them on Haft Sin table. Some citizens are challenging the government through acts of civil resistance (knowingly breaking the law) because the restrictions are much more authoritarian and paternalistic than what many Iranians desire and believe is true to Islam. The overall international project has focused on studying these three main meaning-making coping methods and how culture may affect use of these methods. Previously, people usually only dated after high school; however, it is becoming common for teenagers to do so. I did Nazr without understanding why. Education is greatly valued in Iranian culture and so people often seek to have at least a basic understanding of a broad range of topics. 6. Translation included an inevitable process of removing certain nuances from the actual texts. Despite the firmly entrenched reach of the Islamic Republic, Iranians generally discuss politics with vigour. Reducing health . It is a country with a rich history and unique culture. 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A responsibility to act example, whether they wished to pray or wear a hijab generally! For example, whether they wished to pray or wear a hijab 150 to even 2000 people education. Orienting system is formed by the likes of tall poppy syndrome, people usually only dated after school... The head of the children themes, considering the cultural interpretation of relation. Religious actions are integrated parts of the everyday life of people in Muslim countries, including.! From around one hour to one and half hours your family values Writer, the idea of testing Ekhtebar. Certain nuances from the actual texts and geography translates to a diverse of.