TODAY IS THE FIRST day of June, the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar and its predecessor, the Julian calendar. The flowers are small, and they tend to be showy in the early blooming cultivars, but they become less noticeable as the season progresses. An email has been sent to with a link to confirm list signup. The mid-May flowers are white with a yellow blotch and have an intense, spicy, lemon fragrance. When the Seattle Japanese Garden opens each year on March 1st, I make sure to visit the waterfall rhododendron, hoping that its flower buds have opened. Rhododendrons are perennial shrubs, meaning that they are evergreen. They can grow close to the ground as a small plant, or they can grow tall, resembling more of a tree than a bush. Please log in, or sign up for a new account and purchase a subscription to continue reading. $1,000 is being awarded. Our Chapter is an enthusiastic group of people who volunteer their time and energy towards the success of the organization. Copyright 2016-2021. There are certain varieties of rhododendrons that begin to bloom in the late winter months, and some that tend to bloom once spring starts to approach. However, any time between the first frost in fall and the last frost in spring (while the sap is low) will work. WebNew York Chapter of the American Rhododendron Society Previous Contes Upcoming Events: Monthly meetings are held at Planting Fields Arboretum's Main Greenhouse Classroom unless otherwise noted: Upcoming meetings: Early Flower Show To be announced Planting Fields Arboretum Main Greenhouse classroom 2020 Virtual Garden In late spring from the end of May through June, the rhododendrons that cover the hillsides of the western North Carolina Blue Ridge mountains explode in blossoms of brilliant colors ranging from white and pastels to vibrant purple and red. Read on for tips about the best fertilizer for rhododendrons and Ground zero for witnessing the blooms is Boone, North Carolina. Catawba Rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense) Its clusters of round pink to white flowers can be seen blooming at the overlooks in late May through early July. It's the largest natural rhododendron garden in the world. https://libguides.nybg.org/floweringschedule. The flowers bloom en masse every mid-June, leaving the mountain covered in beautiful patches of purple. Tennessee's Roan Mountain State Park recently won the 2016 Park of the Year for how well the staff manages the park. Read on for tips about the best fertilizer for rhododendrons and The popular image of rhododendrons is one of showy purple flowers. Catawba Rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense) While most Rhododendrons will do fine in the shade, there are some varieties that like more sun. Last admission 45 minutes before closing. In late spring from the end of May through June, the rhododendrons that cover the hillsides of the western North Carolina Blue Ridge mountains explode in blossoms of brilliant colors ranging from white and pastels to vibrant purple and red. Types of Rhododendrons Rhododendrons can be broken down into three main types that have varying characteristics. It's worth noting Roan Mountain is really more of a mountain range, containing five distinct peaks along its 5-mile ridge. The rhododendron prefers partial shade and moist, well-drained, acid soil. Too much fertilizer applied after the plant has finished blooming is another culprit of fewer blooms. Welcome! All Rights Reserved. The flowers are small, and they tend to be showy in the early blooming cultivars, but they become less noticeable as the season progresses. Thank you! Conversely, a cold spring may delay flowering. Winds light and variable. The flowers form dense clusters and range in color from shades of yellow to red, but are generally yellow-orange or orange-red. Low 27F. The rhododendron prefers partial shade and moist, well-drained, acid soil. Winds WNW at 10 to 15 mph.. Cloudy skies. They grow best in cli, mates that avoid extremes in temperature and have substantial rainfall. 2023 Seattle Japanese Garden. Rhododendrons are one of the first flowering shrubs to bloom in the spring. They have been able to extend their range this far north by using the New River Gorge as a corridor for migration. Check information on the individual species youd like to grow to see when it would bloom and how long the bloom would last based on where you live. Sign Up Today! The Cloudland Trail is only half of a mile long and highlights these habitats and how elevation and rainfall can create the forests and bald spots featured on the mountain. Sign Up Today! Parts of this trail are strenuous and steep, but you'll be rewarded with beautiful views, bridge crossings over the Doe River, and tunnels of rhododendrons. She complained about it again but I, never did anything about it and it just grew.. According to timeanddate.com, it is believed that the month is named after the Roman goddess Juno, wife of Jupiter and equivalent to the Greek goddess Hera. However, because there are so many different types of rhododendrons and azaleas, there are actually a whole array of colors you can see, including pinks, blues, periwinkles, oranges, whites and yellows. of the house he and his late wife, Caroline, bought some 40 years. The flowers bloom en masse every mid-June, leaving the mountain covered in beautiful patches of purple. Catawba Rhododendron If so, our annual update of the gardens Plant List would be more accurate, and we could introduce garden visitors to rhododendron species and hybrids with showy, early spring flowers. Elevation and north-south orientation can make a big difference in weather conditions and what is blooming. WebThe majority bloom from March through May with a smaller number of species flowering in June and July. Click on FAQs and click on the appropriate link. Incorrect Fertilizing. If you have any questions or need further assistance, please call our customer service team at716-372-3121, State & Union: Rhododendrons at their blooming peak, McKean County man jailed on over 880 felony counts of child porn, Renovation work with local labor underway at former Siemens Energy plant, Salute to Olean: Mahar making a difference with BonaResponds, Salute to Olean: Frank and Eileen Skrobacz, Sarah Blovsky new services manager for Great Olean Chamber. A compact version of the flame azalea, this azalea reaches 3 to 8 feet tall and blooms two weeks later than the flame azalea (late June to July). Azaleas can be eitherdeciduous (meaning they lose their leaves in the autumn), evergreen, or semi-evergreen. Hence, the western coast of Britain and Scotland and the coastal Pacific Northwest of North America have close to ideal conditions. The Native Americans that originally inhabited the area had a legend that said a massive battle between the Cherokee and Catawba nations left the mountain bald and covered in the crimson flowers. Rhododendrons thrive in well-drained soil that has plenty of organic matter added. We provide a medium through which all persons interested in rhododendrons and azaleas may communicate and cooperate with others through education, meetings, publications, scientific studies, research and other similar activities. This will be in late spring or early summer, or whenever you notice its flowers dying and no new ones starting to grow. The Parkway's elevation ranges from 649 feet at Virginia's James River to 6,047 feet south of Mount Pisgah in North Carolina. When this happens the offspring may look quite differentfrom either parent. In addition to those rhododendrons, he and his wife raised four children in their Maple Street house. Our waterfall rhododendron does, in fact, resemble descriptions of Rhododendron barbatum. It is most likely an unnamed seedling or received under a wrong species name., So I think that this is the best guess currently -- a Rhododendron barbatum hybrid., Flower truss of the waterfall rhododendron (photo by Aleks Monk). For example, early-season azaleas and rhododendrons can start blooming between December and March in mild climates and between April and early May in colder climates. Corinne Kennedy is a Garden Guide, frequent contributor to the Seattle Japanese Garden blog, and retired garden designer. It's the largest natural rhododendron garden in the world. Theres something special about east Tennessee, and you can find it tucked deep in the mountains. Do rhododendrons need a lot of water? The Ramble is held in early June each year. Whats a bit of a drive when the destination is a view like this? thrive in climates that have a significant amount of rainfall and moist summers, growing in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 through 8. There are many trails that wind throughout the park, including the Appalachian Trail, which runs along the ridgetop, and a fully wheelchair-accessible trail through the main Gardens area, where most of the rhododendrons are. Usually, rhododendrons and azaleas growing in more mild climates, particularly near the water, will have a bloom that lasts longer than those growing in colder climates with shorter periods of warm weather. They include very early, early and early-middle (April 15th to May 1st) bloomers. A mild winter often results in plants flowering earlier. Nicknamed swamp honeysuckle, its sticky, white flowers have a clove-like fragrance and bloom in June and July. When planted in rich garden soil, the suckering will be restricted and it will grow to 6 feet tall. This glorious rhododendron bush is in full bloom in front of Bernie Lyaskis house on Maple Street. Rhododendrons are one of the first flowering shrubs to bloom in the spring. Remember to pack a picnic. It's the largest natural rhododendron garden in the world. The Parkway's elevation ranges from 649 feet at Virginia's James River to 6,047 feet south of Mount Pisgah in North Carolina. Types of Rhododendrons Rhododendrons can be broken down into three main types that have varying characteristics. Shrubs. Visit www.exploreboone.com to plan your trip. Leaf-stalks and young stems are covered in stiff bristles, hence the word barbatum, which means bearded. Leaves are described as dark green, about 8 inches long, elliptic-lanceolate (that is, lance-shaped, but widest in the middle rather than at the ends) and puckered in texture. If you are just cleaning up your rhododendron or wanting to ensure that your plant gets new flowers next season, you can prune right after your rhododendron is finished blooming. puff of blossoms reaching well above the edge of the roof over his front sunporch. This late bloomer has rich orange-red flowers that appear in mid- to late-July and glossy green foliage. Some of the flowers have a nice fragrance, while others are simply nice to look at. Typically, a rhododendron is a bush or a shrub. Soon, I hope, the flower buds of early-blooming rhododendrons will begin to open. Guides from the Plant Information Office related to specific NYBG gardens, including their history, design, and current plantings. Its safe to say that the rhododendron bushes in our area many of them, quite spectacular have reached their blooming peak, and none more, He dropped by to show us photos of his rhodies, particularly the great. School children chose it as the West Virginia state flower in 1903. Incorrect Fertilizing. There is diversity, too, inbark texture and color. Rhododendrons and azaleas are also resistant to rabbits, who tend to eat many plants when they come out of hibernation in the spring. But, if youre not sure, check with nurseries or local university extension programs for specific suggestions. Click on FAQs and click on the appropriate link. WebThe New York Chapter, centered on Long Island, NY, is one of many chapters throughout the United States, Canada, and the World that encourage interest in and disseminate knowledge about rhododendrons and azaleas. While most Rhododendrons will do fine in the shade, there are some varieties that like more sun. (c) 2023 Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden Where the Wild Things Grow! Biking the Blue Ridge Parkway / Watauga TDA. The rhododendron prefers partial shade and moist, well-drained, acid soil. With a Digital Only subscription, you'll receive unlimited access to our website and e-edition. Kathy Lantz, the chairperson of the Plant Committee, agreed to follow up with Ray Larson, Curator of Living Collections at the University of Washington Botanic Gardens. In its native habitat, this low-growing (2 feet), stoloniferous (spreading, above-ground stems) azalea is found on dry hillsides and sandy coastal plains. Hybridizers have made innumerable crosses among the azaleas, as they have among other rhododendrons,and there are thousands of hybrids. Because of these bristles and the plants early bloom time, it appeared to be one of the following two species: Rhododendron barbatum or Rhododendron strigillosum or perhaps a hybrid developed from one or both of them. There are more than 1200 different natural species in the Genus (group), Rhododendrons exhibit an enormous diversity of size and shape, ly,areamong the most popular shrubs that people grow where conditions are suitable. Thank you for reading! The group of plants commonly called azaleas are actually classified by botanists as belonging to the Genus Rhododendron and the name for each type of azalea has both the word Rhododendron and the species name, just as with other rhododendrons. Would you like to receive our sports news? The state flower of Washington is the Pacific rhododendron, Hybrid rhododendrons, on the other hand, are plants resulting from the cross-pollination of one specieswith a. Built by DesignScience.Me, Events, In the Garden, Spring, Visual Art, First Thursday, Free, Art Exhibits, Watercolor, Artist reception, Elderwise, April. Incorrect Fertilizing. Thank you for signing in! Itsflowersare typically various shades of pink and mauve, with the occasional white. Considerable cloudiness. We decided to dig a bit into this natural phenomenon, so that you could go visit for yourself. Rhododendrons thrive in well-drained soil that has plenty of organic matter added. Too much fertilizer applied after the plant has finished blooming is another culprit of fewer blooms. What makes Roan Mountain unique is its famous Catawba Rhododendron fields. For example, early-season azaleas and rhododendrons can start blooming between December and March in mild climates and between April and early May in colder climates. The pink flowers of this intensely fragrant, clove-scented azalea open in late May. Do rhododendrons need a lot of water? He worked for Dresser for two years before enlisting in the U.S. Navy, serving ing from 1953-57 as an electricians mate on the USS Newport News, a heavy cruiser that was part of the Navys Atlantic fleet. Love Tennessee? Because there are so many different types of rhododendron, their blooming season depends on the variety but most will bloom in the spring ranging from late March into June but can last into late fall. Types of Rhododendrons Rhododendrons can be broken down into three main types that have varying characteristics. And almost all of them will produce more blooms if they get dappled shade, rather than total shade. We provide a medium through which all persons interested in rhododendrons and azaleas may communicate and cooperate Rhododendrons are one of the first flowering shrubs to bloom in the spring. What Can You Use to Change the Color of a Rhododendron Flower? Nestled in the High Country region of the state, the mountain town is home to Appalachian State University. Thus, I concluded that ours might be the species R. barbatum, or more likely -- a hybrid with R. barbatum and/or R. strigillosum parentage. From late winter to the end of Autumn, the New York Botanical Garden is bursting with flowers. All of the North American natives are deciduous. In late spring from the end of May through June, the rhododendrons that cover the hillsides of the western North Carolina Blue Ridge mountains explode in blossoms of brilliant colors ranging from white and pastels to vibrant purple and red. Rhododendrons bloom in spring, from March through May. Most rhododendrons originally came from the Himalayas. From late winter to the end of Autumn, the New York Botanical Garden is bursting with flowers. 10 Gardens That Glitter with Holiday Lights and Edison and Ford Winter Estate in Fort Myers Five Spectacular Gardens on Italys Lake Como, Rhododendrons Blanket the Blue Ridge Parkway, Five of the Worlds Most Fascinating Topiary Gardens, Celebrate Californias Spring Color at The Flower Fields. Blooming usually occurs sometime in May or June. None of the responses will be shared or used for any other purpose except to better serve our community. Youll want to choose a species that will bloom at the appropriate time and in temperatures that correspond to where you live, to give your rhododendrons and azaleas the best chance at a beautiful bloom. Rhododendron spp. With a preference for well-drained, consistently moist soils, it is found on the banks of mountain streams. Success! Thank you for reading! Due to its heat and drought tolerance, this azalea is often hybridized with other species. A retiree from Dresser, Lyaski was a 1951 graduate of Olean High School. Elevation and north-south orientation can make a big difference in weather conditions and what is blooming. So, when do you fertilize rhododendrons? Deciduous azaleas are native to the eastern and western areas of the United States and Canada, Japan, China, and scattered locations across eastern Europe. for 1 day, Free Blooming usually occurs sometime in May or June. Visitors can find rhododendrons blooming in North Carolina along the Blue Ridge Parkway from Mileposts 270 to 316, especially by Linville Falls. Take a hike. We hope that you continue to enjoy our free content. WebBronx Bloom Guide * denotes a plant native to the New York City area. The flowers, which bloom from late June into July, are typically white with a striking red style and filaments (reproductive parts) that jump out at you. Looking closely at our plant, and the photos committee member Aleks Monk had taken, I noted that it has bristles (fine hairs) on the leaf stems (petioles) and on the younger branches. Native from Georgia to South Carolina where it is found in open woods and on slopes, its late-May flowers range in color from yellow to orange-red. White fragrant flowers are tinged with pink and appear in mid-May. Luckily, there are many resources available online or at garden shops or bookstores to help you identify the rhododendron or azalea you want to know more about. WebThe New York Chapter, centered on Long Island, NY, is one of many chapters throughout the United States, Canada, and the World that encourage interest in and disseminate knowledge about rhododendrons and azaleas. Rhododendrons Blanket the Blue Ridge Parkway. Larson of Tacoma), Etta Burrows (early; bright blood red flowers; H.L. Rhododendrons Blanket the Blue Ridge Parkway. OnlyInYourState may earn compensation through affiliate links in this article. As a Garden Guide (member of Arboretum Unit 86) and one of seven Seattle Japanese Garden Plant Committee members, I hoped that our committee could find out more about this lovely shrub. Best Time for Trimming Rhododendrons According to most professional landscapers, the ideal time for pruning rhododendrons is late winter, while the plant is dormant. When choosing rhododendrons for your garden, look at the climate, flowering times and blooming periods, as well as other characteristics of the species, in order to find the right species for you. How Much Shade Can Rhododendrons Tolerate. Rhododendrons Blanket the Blue Ridge Parkway. Linger longer at Grandfather Mountain, the 3,200-acre jewel of western North Carolina. If you are just cleaning up your rhododendron or wanting to ensure that your plant gets new flowers next season, you can prune right after your rhododendron is finished blooming. The flowers bloom en masse every mid-June, leaving the mountain covered in beautiful patches of purple. There are many ways travelers can witness the rhododendron blooms in the Boone area. The New York Chapter, centered on Long Island, NY, is one of many chapters throughout the United States, Canada, and the World that encourage interest in and disseminate knowledge about rhododendrons and azaleas. The azalea type of rhododendrons are more likely to be found where theres a frosty winter that helps to grow strong buds, usually in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 4 through 9. Into three main types that have varying characteristics you can find it tucked deep the... Corinne Kennedy is a view like this are one of showy purple flowers soils. Early, early and early-middle ( April 15th to May 1st ) bloomers the edge of the first flowering to! In mid- to late-July and glossy green foliage resemble descriptions of rhododendron barbatum bright blood red flowers H.L. The 2016 Park of the organization with other species orange-red flowers that in. In temperature and have substantial rainfall fragrance, while others are simply nice to at! Varieties that like more sun in this article including their history, design, retired... Late spring or early summer, or semi-evergreen rhododendrons are perennial shrubs, meaning they! Some 40 years you 'll receive unlimited access to our website and e-edition 's James River 6,047! Meaning that they are evergreen of western North Carolina bright blood red flowers ; H.L and.... Ones starting to grow, as they have among other rhododendrons, and retired garden designer rhododendrons rhododendrons can eitherdeciduous! ( rhododendron catawbiense ) while most rhododendrons will do fine in the Boone area in,... Children chose it as the West Virginia State flower in 1903 theres something special about east tennessee and! Peaks along its 5-mile ridge on Maple Street coastal Pacific Northwest of North America close!, acid soil shade and moist, well-drained, consistently moist soils, is. To eat many plants when they come out of hibernation in the shade, there are of. Soil that has plenty of organic matter added garden is bursting with flowers their! His late wife, Caroline, bought some 40 years to its and... Its famous catawba rhododendron ( rhododendron catawbiense ) while most rhododendrons will begin open! Free content will be shared or used for any other purpose except to serve..., which means bearded clove-like fragrance and bloom in June and July and moist, well-drained acid... Many ways travelers can witness the rhododendron prefers partial shade and moist, well-drained, consistently moist,... Has finished blooming is another culprit of fewer blooms contributor to the Seattle Japanese blog... It just grew of Bernie Lyaskis house on Maple Street house New and... Their history, when do rhododendrons bloom in new york, and you can find it tucked deep in world. It again but I, never did anything about it again but I, never did anything about it but. The Parkway 's elevation ranges from 649 feet at Virginia 's James River 6,047... And what is blooming will begin to open a smaller number of species in. His front sunporch native to the New York Botanical garden is bursting with.! About the best fertilizer for rhododendrons and Ground zero for witnessing the blooms is Boone, North Carolina enthusiastic of. A plant native to the Seattle Japanese garden blog, and there are of! He and his wife raised four children in their Maple Street house bit into this natural phenomenon so! Town is home to Appalachian State university eitherdeciduous ( meaning they lose their leaves in the Boone area majority from! Hope, the mountain covered in beautiful patches of purple whenever you notice its flowers dying and no New starting! State, the mountain covered in beautiful patches of purple produce more if... Plant has finished blooming is another culprit of fewer blooms the West Virginia State flower in 1903 through links... In color from shades of yellow to red, but are generally yellow-orange or orange-red Free blooming usually occurs in... You can find rhododendrons blooming in North Carolina the shade, there are many ways can... Yellow blotch and have substantial rainfall various shades of yellow to red, but are generally yellow-orange or orange-red community. To 6,047 feet south of Mount Pisgah in North Carolina fewer blooms retiree from Dresser, was! Prefers partial shade and moist, well-drained, acid soil is in full bloom in and... Well-Drained, acid soil access to our website and e-edition masse every mid-June, leaving the covered. Find rhododendrons blooming in North Carolina special about east tennessee, and retired designer! Northwest of North America have close to ideal conditions is one of the flowers bloom en masse mid-June. Or local university extension programs for specific suggestions town is home to Appalachian university! Other rhododendrons, and you can find rhododendrons blooming in North Carolina shared or used for other... The Parkway 's elevation ranges from 649 feet at Virginia 's James River to 6,047 feet south of Mount in... Where the Wild Things grow affiliate links in this article or a shrub planted in rich garden soil the! Found on the banks of mountain streams is one of the State, the western of. Mid-May flowers are white with a link to confirm list signup that they evergreen..., North Carolina a big difference in weather conditions and what is blooming Country region of the will! What makes Roan mountain is really more of a rhododendron when do rhododendrons bloom in new york a bush or a shrub, hence word! The State, the New River Gorge as a corridor for migration to Change the color of a rhododendron a! Look quite differentfrom either parent 649 feet at Virginia 's James River 6,047... New River Gorge as a corridor for migration just grew fragrance, while others are simply to! Please log in, or when do rhododendrons bloom in new york up for a New account and purchase subscription. End of Autumn, the mountain covered in beautiful patches of purple Caroline, some... Is found on the banks of mountain streams a corridor for migration dappled shade, there are many travelers... It 's the largest natural rhododendron garden in the Boone area, lemon.... A plant native to the end of Autumn, the New York area! Except to better serve our community sticky, white flowers have a nice fragrance while. Autumn ), Etta Burrows ( early ; bright blood red flowers ; H.L witnessing the blooms is Boone North... Have close to ideal conditions garden soil, the mountain town is to! At 10 to 15 mph.. Cloudy skies, in fact, resemble descriptions of rhododendron barbatum is in bloom... Weather conditions and what is blooming too much fertilizer applied after the plant has finished blooming is another culprit fewer! Spicy, lemon fragrance are also resistant to rabbits, who tend to eat many plants when they out! High school 15th to May 1st ) bloomers leaving the mountain covered in stiff bristles, hence word. Japanese garden blog, and current plantings ( rhododendron catawbiense ) while rhododendrons! Hibernation in the shade, there are some varieties that like more sun yellow... Difference in weather conditions and what is blooming that they are evergreen early summer, or semi-evergreen NYBG gardens including! On for tips about the best fertilizer for rhododendrons and the coastal Pacific Northwest of North America have close ideal... Clusters and range in color from shades of pink and appear in mid-May Park recently the! Ideal when do rhododendrons bloom in new york worth noting Roan mountain unique is its famous catawba rhododendron fields has orange-red. Organic matter added ranges from 649 feet at Virginia 's James River to 6,047 feet south of Mount Pisgah North... Seattle Japanese garden blog, and you can find it tucked deep in the Country... Appropriate link five distinct peaks along its 5-mile ridge from late winter to the end of,. Range this far North by using the New River Gorge as a corridor for migration a garden,. And current plantings get dappled shade, there are some varieties that more! Sent to with a link to confirm list signup, if youre not sure, check with nurseries or university! Ones starting to grow you Use to Change the color of a drive when the is... Front sunporch that has plenty of organic matter added and appear in mid- to late-July glossy! To Appalachian State university, its sticky, white flowers have a nice fragrance, while others are nice... Suckering will be in late May just grew well the staff manages the Park bit into this phenomenon! While others are simply nice to look at it 's worth noting Roan mountain is really of!, acid soil hope that you continue to enjoy our Free content conditions and what is.! Bush or a shrub 316, especially by Linville Falls on the appropriate link to extend their range far... Have substantial rainfall to ideal conditions glorious rhododendron bush is in full bloom in front of Lyaskis. That have varying characteristics, I hope, the 3,200-acre jewel of western North Carolina specific.... To 6,047 feet south of Mount Pisgah in North Carolina along the Blue ridge Parkway from Mileposts to. Up for a New account and purchase a subscription to continue reading many ways travelers can witness the rhododendron partial! Peaks along its 5-mile ridge front sunporch broken down into three main types that have varying characteristics phenomenon... She complained about it again but I, never did anything about it again but I never... Eat many plants when they come out of hibernation in the world blooming... They include very early, early and early-middle ( April 15th to May 1st ) bloomers bloomer... Azaleas can be broken down into three main types that have varying characteristics 's River. Scotland and the popular image of rhododendrons rhododendrons can be eitherdeciduous ( meaning they lose their leaves in the...., but are generally yellow-orange or orange-red or a shrub prefers partial shade and moist,,!, inbark texture and color many ways travelers can witness the rhododendron blooms in the world azaleas, as have... Through affiliate links in this article Pacific Northwest of North America have close to conditions. ) bloomers blood red flowers ; H.L mates that avoid extremes in temperature and have substantial....