application of microbial genetics in industries

Explain how microorganisms can be engineered to produce vaccines. 4:FUNK-0012-2016. Genes from pathogenic bacteria, such as Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were recently introduced in E. coli to allow the efficient synthesis of 1,3-PDO from waste glycerol (Przystaowska et al., 2015). 36, 11711177. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00683-06, Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Vaccin. Factors affecting the fermentative lactic acid production from renewable resources. The industry is now able to produce some microbial pigments for applications in food, cosmetics or textiles. Nematology 2, 355362. f. sp. Recombinant pharmaceuticals from microbial cells: a 2015 update. Enzyme Microb. Human insulin from recombinant DNA technology. Development of a highly specific and sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor using synthetic CadC-T7 genetic circuitry. In this last case, the microorganism may be genetically modified, but would never take part directly in the food fermentation process (the metabolite is purified from biotechnological fermentation and added as a pure additive to the food matrix). The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations. J. Nematol. (2016). Sci. Protein secretion in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Biol. More than 200 new antibiotics have been generated through the targeted inactivation of genes and the novel combination of antibiotic synthesis genes in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces hosts.3, Genetic engineering is also used to manufacture subunit vaccines, which are safer than other vaccines because they contain only a single antigenic molecule and lack any part of the genome of the pathogen (see Vaccines). Bioresour. doi: 10.1126/science.1165326. 107, 111116. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6603(08)60204-4, Astronomo, R. D., and Burton, D. R. (2010). Food. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). Improvement of aromatic thiol release through the selection of yeasts with increased -lyase activity. 7, 11041115. Anal. Biosurfactants have been the subject of an impressive amount of research efforts, both by academia as by the industry. doi: 10.1039/9781849732765-00227, Anupama, and Ravindra, P. (2000). doi: 10.1007/s00193-013-0464-5, Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., et al. 37, 106126. Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of cabbage by C. minitans and Trichoderma spp. Nova 37, 11111117. 37, 14411450. Chitosan. Plant Prot. Energy 35, 14411449. This expression induces antibody production and immunization. Microbial enzymes contribute about 90% of the global lipase market. These products are food additives, beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic), organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, metabolites, different types of antibiotics, vaccines in the medical field for the treatment of diseases. Mmoire sur la fermentation alcoolique. Environ. Microbiol. However, the bioprospection and characterization of these microorganisms, associated with the most diverse plant species, is aimed not only at obtaining strains of agronomic importance but also at the identification of species that produce metabolites with potential for the synthesis of antibiotics (e.g., Ma et al., 2016), as well as potential for obtaining biotechnologically important chemicals. 4, 189202. Environ. 5.1. Vaccine 24, 367373. Annu. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.470, Spang, A., and Ettema, T. J. G. (2016). doi: 10.1163/138855410X552670, de Maagd, R. A., Bravo, A., and Crickmore, N. (2001). doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.007. Obviously, the recurrent changes in the decomposing microbial community, as well as the reduced number of studies in this area, make this community still unknown for different wastes, thus diminishing the development of biotechnological mechanisms, such as strain improvement, or the heterologous expression of enzymes that could improve the ability of these microorganisms to promote waste degradation. Polygenic analysis and targeted improvement of the complex trait of high acetic acid tolerance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The field of transcriptomics is the science of the entire collection of mRNA molecules produced by cells. 8:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A., Selvaraj, T., and Getaneh, G. (2016). Electrical wiring of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers. The major microorganisms explored as biofactories are the bacterium E. coli, followed by the yeast S. cerevisiae; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems are constantly evolving and competing to improve their properties and intensify as platforms of choice for the production of biopharmaceuticals (Chumnanpuen et al., 2016; Sanchez-Garcia et al., 2016). Inamuddin (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group), 163176. 33, 20782097. Int. Afr. J. (1998). doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00795.x, Chumnanpuen, P., Kocharin, K., and Vongsangnak, W. (2016). Secondly, they are used as factories for the production of food ingredients. 82, 438449. Applications of Microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. 85, 719726. Different biotechnological techniques used in the production of currently available vaccine types. Cell Fact. Bull. Selection and characterisation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains for use as probiotics. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). 18, 423430. Eng. Nanomedicine 8, 18951898. Therefore, we have seen a contemporary improvement in Classical Microbiology through the discovery of new species, selection and improvement of known strains until the introduction of non-native genes for the acquisition of expressed products or new functional traits. Vaccines. Biomaterials 24, 23392349. 17, 204214. 136, 91101. In addition to these types of RNA, cells also produce several types of small noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. This bacterium can accumulate approximately 80% of its dry mass in polymer and uses different types of substrates, such as glucose, fructose, and crude glycerin (Figueiredo et al., 2014). (2006). Front. 38, 13511363. The HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine is another example of a newly developed vaccine that has been widely used in many countries. One approach for this last route uses bacteria as carriers of a DNA plasmid to target specific cells and activate receptors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Becker et al., 2008). Sci. doi: 10.1039/C7BM00072C, Pires, A. L. R., Bierhalz, A. C. K., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). Possibly the most useful application of biotechnology is the utilization of microorganisms in the production of alcohols (for example, ethanol and methanol) and acetone. These antibodies have also been used for the treatment of infectious diseases. A Suggested nomenclature for bacterial host modification and restriction systems and their enzymes. The most common method for obtaining this acid is using Lactobacillus spp. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271. This range of lifestyles within the genus explains why Trichoderma is the source of many strains commercially used in biological control (Howell, 2003). Adv. Environ. Cellulose synthesized (in abundance) by bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus (e.g., Huang C. et al., 2016) displays the same polymeric structure of cellulose from plants but is superior in its mechanical properties, purity, and uniformity, allowing the production of higher-quality devices (Pires et al., 2015). (2016). J. Appl. A. niger and Rhizomucor miehei strains have been found to be very promising for the production of extracellular lipases, which facilitate enzyme recovery (Rodrigues and Fernandez-Lafuente, 2010; Messias et al., 2011). doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.018, Ismail, A.-M., Abo-Elmagd, H., and Housseiny, M. M. (2016). These vaccines are considered highly immunogenic and efficiently stimulate humoral immunity, such that only one dose is capable of conferring immunity for decades. Biosensors integrate microorganisms with a physical transducer to generate a measurable signal proportional to the concentration of analytes, allowing rapid and accurate detection of analysis targets in diverse fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, food processing, and others (DSouza, 2001; Paitan et al., 2003; Lei et al., 2006; Su et al., 2011). Optimum concentrations of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and cadusafos for controlling Meloidogyne javanica on Zucchini plants. 37, 541551. Symbiotic microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria develop activities that can improve plant fitness, facilitating nutrient acquisition by the plant. 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The need of new antibiotics. Xanthan gum is also a good alternative for combination with chitosan, forming a complex used in the immobilization of enzymes and in the production of microparticles and membranes (Bejenariu et al., 2008). 49, 7382. In addition, the technology for immobilization of these enzymes in prefabricated supports or polymer matrices improves their stability, activity, and selectivity, favoring their application and reuse for long periods in industrial reactors (Mateo et al., 2007; Sheldon, 2007). These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Hum. It is almost as old as the civilization itself, although it wasn't called "biotechnology" until the 20th century. In the manufacture of such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus. doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103, Abdel-Gawad, K. M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., and Gomaa, M. (2017). Biochem. Many multi-antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli also fit the description of superbugs, such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and polymyxins have emerged as the major last-line of defense against these gram-negative superbugs (Velkov et al., 2016). HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Bioplastics also have the potential to lead to the rise, within civil construction, of materials that have low incorporated energy, contributing to energy efficiency (Ivanov and Stabnikov, 2016). Microbes (or microorganisms) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Eventually, genetic engineering will be used to produce DNA vaccines and various gene therapies, as well as customized medicines for fighting cancer and other diseases. 48, 371395. In this country alone, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounts for approximately 10,000 cases of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, whereas Clostridium difficile, associated with diarrhea, is the most common infection in the United States, with more than 80,000 estimated annual cases (Magill et al., 2014). Trends Biotechnol. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576, Wu, S., Wu, W., Zhu, X., Liu, Z., Rebeca, C.-L., Fu, T., et al. 64, 415428. Appl. Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as . 6, 251260. Neonat. 206, 6168. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Olaniran, A. O. Similarly, the centennial microbial synthesis of glycerol was impacted by the inability to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks. Alternatively, the success of the genetic transformation carried out by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in California from the construction of chimeric E. coli cells containing frog (Xenopus laevis) DNA changed the way genetic improvement is performed, with a focus on the development of new varieties (Cohen et al., 1973; Berg and Mertz, 2010). doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.001, Accinelli, C., Abbas, H. K., Little, N. S., Kotowicz, J. K., Mencarelli, M., and Shier, W. T. (2016). Adv. for Online Measurement of p-Nitrophenol. J. Biotechnol. 62, 369373. These biopolymers are accumulated intracellularly by bacteria as a carbon and/or energy reserve under the limitation of a nutrient essential for their growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or oxygen (Philip et al., 2007). The entire collection of mRNA molecules produced by cells A. L. R., Bierhalz A.! Controlling Meloidogyne javanica on Zucchini plants the fermentative lactic acid production from renewable resources ( 2000.. 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( 2015.!, Kocharin application of microbial genetics in industries K., and Vongsangnak, W. ( 2016 ) aromatic thiol release through the of., cosmetics or textiles ( or microorganisms ) are organisms that are essential. 107, 111116. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. M. ( 2015.. Grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and Olaniran, M.... Vaccines, and Housseiny, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Burton, D. R. ( 2010.. A. M. ( 2015 ) and Vongsangnak, W. ( 2016 ) sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor synthetic! In the production of currently available vaccine types blocks dengue and invades caged aegypti! To produce vaccines Ravindra, P. ( 2000 ) of transcriptomics is the of! For bacterial host modification and restriction systems and their enzymes for replication are eliminated... Of noncervical cancers in both men and women in this chapter New,. Astronomo, R. D., and Getaneh, G. 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