Countries With The Lowest Murder Rates Mass shootings in Europe have become an increasingly alarming phenomenon in recent years. All rights reserved. By our count, the US makes up less than 1.13% of the mass public shooters, 1.77% of their murders, and 2.19% of their attacks. You could point out that Norway makes the list tops it, in . In addition, a 2018 CRPC study ranked the U.S. at number sixty-four in the world in terms of mass shooting rates per capita. The New Republic/Michael Christopher Brown, 2014. CPRC has questioned the legitimacy of this report's data. Eve Flanigan is a defensive shooting and armed security practitioner/instructor who lives in the American Southwest. The Early Warning Project is a joint initiative of the Simon-Skjodt Center for the Prevention of Genocide of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College. In December 2018, an attack took place in Strasbourg that left four dead and eleven injured. In the 10 other countries combined, there were 23 mass shootings, which left 200 dead . eleven of the thirteen deadliest mass shootings, Mass shootings in U.S. compared with other countries, Comparing Death Rates from Mass Public Shootings and Mass Public Violence in the US And Europe - Crime Prevention Research Center, Does the United States Have a Lower Death Rate From Mass Shootings Than European Countries? Indeed it is. 7 out of the 10 most . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except for material where copyright is reserved by a party other than FEE. Firearms in Qatar, Kuwait and the UAE are very strictly regulated with behavioral and background checks, leading to very few instances of gun violence. The second shooting occurred on May 24th, 2014 when a gunman opened fire at the Jewish Museum of Belgium in Brussels, killing four people. Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil and Chile allow citizens to own guns but regulate the purchase of them. "Democrats are nearly unanimous in their support for stricter gun laws," another Gallup study noted, with nearly 91% in favour of stricter gun laws. In these cases, the model is forecasting a new mass killing with a different target group or perpetrator, in addition to the ongoing mass killing. In 2019 and 2020, numerous mass shootings have occurred across the globe, leaving hundreds of people dead or injured. What are the 10 countries with the highest number of mass shootings . In some instances such as with the 2015 Paris attacks or 2019 Utya massacre in Norway, mass shootings have been perpetrated by extremists who used firearms as part of terrorist attacks targeting innocent civilians. Based upon various metrics alongside calculations over the course of multiple years, Singapore has the lowest firearm-related death rate in the world, and Venezuela has the highest.[2][3]. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. We've received your submission. That works out to roughly four in every 100,000 Americans dying in a gun-related homicide, the 30th highest rate in the world. But it's not the highest in the developed world. Provisional data for the following year suggests nearly 49,000 gun-related deaths in 2021. Keywords: mass public shootings, cross-country data, mass murder, terrorism. (Follow him on Substack.). Europe has also been the victim of multiple mass shootings in recent years, most of them linked to acts of terrorism. If you want to subscribe to our monthly newsletter, please submit the form below. "The United States is the only advanced country where this kind of mass violence occurs.. Gun deaths are high in places like El Salvador, Guatemala and Colombia, where gang violence and drug trafficking are prevalent. The Central African Republic occupies the sad position of number one for deaths. All rights reserved. A gunman killed four people and injured another two before taking his own life. The SAS found that gun ownership among civilians . Crime Prevention Research Institute, the nonprofit aggregator of crime- and gun-related statistics led by John Lott of Tennessee, just released a new data analysis that should be music to the ears of gun owners. The data itself supports this interpretation, as the United States endured mass shooting events all seven years, but the other countries all experienced mass shootings during only one or two years. Restricting access to guns by people with a history of domestic violence could curb the occurrence of mass shootings and fatalities, the study suggested. Alabama: 1. . Rates in Pakistan and India are respectively 470% and 13% higher than the USA rate. Which country has the most mass shootings? Other nations might also count an event as a mass shooting even if it involves fewer deaths if it was carried out by multiple individuals. Here, what mass shootings in other countries can teach the U.S. about gun control: Christchurch, New Zealand Just a week after a white supremacist shot dead 51 worshippers at two mosques in. Twains quote remains true even in the age of the internet. By contrast, in Canada, the figure is 0.47 per 100,000. The following is an alphabetized list of just some of the [developed countries] other than the United States that have experienced one or more mass shootings in the past few decades: Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Nigeria, Norway, the Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Spain, and Switzerland. Used with permission. Quoting John Lott and Michael Weisser: Of the 86 countries where we have identified mass public shootings, the US ranks 56th per capita in its rate of attacks and 61st in mass public shooting murder rate. With high and growing rates of gun ownership, the United States of America, according to this new study, enjoyed below-average incidents of mass public shootings from the two decades 1998-2017. A study on mass shootings in developed countries showed that 101 out of 139 attacks took place in the US between 1998 and 2019, leading to 816 deaths. Alaska, New Mexico, Arkansas, South Carolina, Tennessee and. Over the 20 years from 1998 to 2017, our list contains 2,772 attacks and at least 5,764 shooters outside the United States and 62 attacks and 66 shooters within our country. In general, there is a long-term decline in firearms homicides across the EU, says Katharina Krsselmann, a PhD Researcher on Gun Violence and Homicide who worked on EUs Project Target. He declined to discuss his methodology, but said he would be publishing more information about mass shooting data in the future.). Sadly, the aftermath of these tragedies often entails physical and psychological trauma for survivors and their families, as well as negatively impacts the population of the countries concerned in the long term. In 2019, the murder rate in . In truth, mass shootings account for only a small percentage of gun deaths in the United States. Countries with similar levels of gun-related deaths tend to be still-developing countries mired in violent civil unrest, revolution, or war. America now averages 8.5 mass shooting incidents per week. All of those are pretty nice countries which MUCH stricter gun control laws than the USand all have higher per capita deaths from mass shootings than the US. from the Early Warning Project and the Simon-Skjodt Center for the Prevention of Genocide. 11th place. Shooters generally either die by suicide afterward, or are restrained or killed by law enforcement officers. But after a long period of decline, deadly shootings began to increase in the mid-2000s and. If this is true, how did the narrative that the US leads the world in mass shootings become the conventional wisdom? Fatalities are rising fast. Data currently includes years 2009-2015 only. Rather, nearly two-thirds (63%) of gun deaths in the US in 2019 were suicides. Lankford's 2016 study gathered data on gun ownership in countries with more than 10 million people and occurrences of at least one public mass-shooting resulting in four or more deaths. The first recognized mass shooting in America occurred in 1966,. While calculating the number of guns in private hands around the world is difficult, the latest figures from the Small Arms Survey - a Swiss-based leading research project - estimate that there were 390 million guns in circulation in 2018. On July 22, 2011, a right-wing extremist opened fire at an island youth camp near Oslo, targeting the participants of the camp. Where does the United States appear? Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. There have been eight mass shootings in France, ranking the country third in the world in terms of the number of mass shootings. Looking at just a third of the time Lankford studied, we still found 15 times as many shooters. There have been 214 mass shootingsdefined by Gun Violence Archive as one in which at least 4 people were shotin the US within the first 145 days of the year. Finally, in 2017 a gunman opened fire at a mosque in Quebec City, killing six people and wounding nineteen others before being arrested shortly afterward. All these are much less than the United States 4.6 percent share of the population. This number is significantly higher than the second country with the highest number of mass shootings, Russia, which has 21 mass shooting incidents in comparison. Not by a long shot.. The comments and data seem to conclusively say that the US leads the world in mass shootings and the violence is unique, a product of Americas gun culture.. Despite widespread and vocal public outrage - often in the wake of gun violence - support for stricter laws fell last year, although a majority of Americans are still in favour, according to polling by Gallup. Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world. Running that data through the CRPC formula yields the following statistic: Plane hijackings by terrorists caused an average of 297.7 deaths per year in the U.S. from 2001-2010. The majority of mass shooting incidents in Europe occur in France and Germany, but other European countries with high rates of violent crime include Norway, Belgium, and Finland. To justify this claim and many other similar quotes, Obamas administration cited a then-unpublished paper by criminologist Adam Lankford. While gun homicides have been steadily declining for decades in the US, mass shootings have indeed been trending upward. United States 101 2. Statistics on global mass shooting incidents from 2009 to 2015 compiled by economist John Lott of the Crime Prevention Research Center show that the US trails many other advanced nations in mass shooting frequency and death rate. We found 1,423 attacks outside the United States. Mississippi, Louisiana, Wyoming, Missouri and Alabama have the highest firearm mortality rates in the country, according to the CDC. These incidents demonstrate that gun violence is still an issue that needs to be addressed in the Netherlands despite having one of the most restrictive gun control laws in Europe. For example, Norways world-leading annual rate was due to a single devastating 2011 event, in which far-right extremist Anders Behring Breivik gunned down 69 people at a summer camp on the island of Utya. In India, the worlds second most populous nation, getting a gun license involves thorough assessment and background checks. Using the CPRCs own data and more precise per-year population data from World Bank (the original study used only 2015 population data) to solve for the median, the more statistically sound analysis results in a notably different list: Using the median analysis, the United States is the only country examined that shows a propensity for mass shootings. Countries with similar levels of gun-related deaths tend to be still-developing countries mired in violent civil unrest, revolution, or war. El Salvador saw a murder rate of 52.02 per 100,000 inhabitants, making it the most dangerous country for this kind of crime worldwide in 2022. Further down the list are Belgium, the Czech Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland all tied at 2 mass shooting incidents in that time period with four or more victims. Lankford's findings show that there were 90 mass public shooters in America since 1966, the most in the world, which had a total of 202. It has 120 firearms per 100 people more than twice as many. "There are more guns in this country than people, and more per capita than any other country in the world. The mass shooting occurred in Cumbria in 2010. The US is the third largest country by population in the world, behind only China and India. Some states have taken steps to ban or strictly regulate ownership of assault weapons. The data also shows nearly 53 people are killed each day by a firearm in the US. The incident was the deadliest attack of its kind since 2002 when a former student shot dead 16 people at a school in Erfurt. That's a significantly larger proportion of homicides than is the case in Canada, Australia, England and Wales, and many other countries. The capital city of Maseru is particularly dangerous to locals and tourists alike. Countries with high rates of violent gun deaths tend to be poorer. There have already been more than 70 mass shootings across the US so far this year, with California experiencing two of the most high-profile in January. The third mass shooting took place in December 2009 at the Prisma hypermarket in Sello, leaving five individuals dead. Many other studies and articles also offer opinions or interpretations counter to that of the CPRC. Since the Texas bell tower massacre in 1966, The Washington Post has logged a total of 187 mass murders in the United Statesan average of just 3.4 per year. His writing/reporting has been the subject of articles in TIME magazine, The Wall Street Journal, CNN, Forbes, Fox News, and the Star Tribune. 81% of homicide victims recorded in 2017 were male. The shootings have claimed 702 lives and injured 2,844 people. Please do not edit the piece, ensure that you attribute the author and mention that this article was originally published on FEE.org. Sources: The last mass shooting in. The second-highest gun ownership rate is 52.8 firearms per 100 people in Yemen, a country currently in the throes of civil war. Canada 4 6. The country with the most mass shootings with 4 or more fatalities is the United States, with 101 such mass shooting incidents between over a 20-year-period. There is also the issue of weapon type; some countries may only consider firearms when calculating mass shootings while others will also take into account explosives or other weapons. Norway, Finland, Switzerland and Russia all have at least 45 percent higher rates of murder from mass public shootings than the United States. The U.S. endures the most mass shootings in the world, withdepending upon one's definition of a mass shooting (see next section)somewhere between 21 and more than 600 in 2020. There have been four mass shootings in Canada, ranking the country fifth in the world in terms of the number of mass shootings. One of the more detailed analyses appeared on the fact-checking website snopes.com and concluded that the CRPC report used inappropriate statistical methods which led to misleading results. She is the author of "Ready to Defend: Tips for Living the Armed Lifestyle," and is a contributor to numerous gun-related blogs and print publications. Norway led the world with 1.88 deaths per million, followed by Serbia, France, and Macedonia. For example, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) defines a mass shooting as a single attack that happens in a public place and in which three or more people are killed with a firearm. But our nations relatively obscure ranking on this chart is proof that so-called gun violence has little relationship to the presence of guns in citizens homes and hands. Not only have these attacks been much more common outside the USA, the USAs share of these attacks has declined over time. California, Florida, Texas, Washington, Colorado, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York, Ohio, and Illinois are the ten states that had the most mass shootings between 1982 and February of 2020. In 2016, another mass shooting occurred in La Loche, Saskatchewan when a shooter killed four people and injured seven more before being apprehended by police. The country has about 2 million privately owned guns in a . In the wake of the most recent U.S. mass school shooting in Uvalde, Texas, where 19 pupils and two teachers were killed by an 18-year-old with an assault rifle, a comparison considering how the. Russia 21 3. The length of the bar indicates the estimated risk. In 2016, for example, 37,353 gun deaths occurred in the United States. The perpetrator was then arrested by the police. 3. When findings do not mesh, scholars, in pursuit of truth, generally compare notes, data, and methodology to find out how they reached their conclusions. "Let's be clear, President Obama said in 2015 after a shooting in North Carolina. The length of the bar indicates the estimated risk. Countries with ongoing mass killing episodes are indicated with this icon . On June 2nd of that year, a man opened fire randomly on people killing twelve people and injuring eleven others before turning the gun on himself. The ten countries with the highest number of mass shootings are the US, Russia, France, Germany, Canada, Finland, Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, and the Netherlands. and that's true per capita. Within the homicides, 71 were classified as the result of a mass shooting. During this time, 62% of all 1,318 fatalities from the atta Sweden stands out for a high level of gun homicide compared with other European countries, at about 4 deaths per million inhabitants per year. One possibility is that guns dont just enable mass shooters; gun owners can also deter and prevent such shootings. After the incident, police said the gunman's firearm license had. ", Sen. Harry Reid echoed this sentiment. Some countries near the bottom of the list appear to have no data; this indicates that their estimates are virtually indistinguishable from 0. June 1, 2022 - Mass shootings in the US account for 73% of all 139 incidents occurring in developed countries between 1998 to 2019. An easy, though arguably insensitive, way to illustrate the shortcomings of this approach is to apply it to the 9/11 attacks, which killed 2,977 people in the United States on a single day in 2001. And theres always a price for the erosion of truth. In the United States alone, whether one counts the total number of mass shootings, regardless of the number of deaths, or the number of mass shootings with 3 or more deaths changes the number of mass shootings counted drastically. In 2020, more than 19,000 of the deaths were homicides, according to the CDC. Of these, 22,938 were suicides, and 14,415 were homicides. Some databases include organized terrorist attacks, armed robberies gone wrong, and gang-related shootings. Lankfords erroneous research had free rein for two years and was disseminated to tens of millions of viewers and readers before the truth finally got its shoes on. Which continent has the most mass shootings ? The violence, Lankford said, stems from the high rate of gun ownership in America. 1. We have almost double the firearm ownership rate of any other country.. The US trails many other advanced nations in mass shooting frequency and death rate. The reason behind that depends on whom you ask, but a lot of analysis and beliefs on that question come down to two factors: mental . Ten percent surveyed said laws should be "made less strict". The second mass shooting occurred in September 2008, when a 22-year-old gunman went on a rampage that left ten people killed and eleven injured at the Seinjoki University of Applied Science in Kauhajoki. Similarly, some databases include events in which at least four people were wounded, but not necessarily killed. He has also declined to provide lists of the news sources and languages he used to compile his list of cases. Cambodia and Vietnam have bans on firearms while Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and Thailand have restrictive controls. IMFs World Economic Outlook (April 2022) and Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation. Attacks in the US are not only less frequent than other countries, they are also much less deadly on average. This leads to a more accurate day-to-day impression and country-to-country comparison. Other databases discard some or all of these incidents. This, in turn, exposed 11 million people to firearms in their homes, including 5 million children. In Kuwait, even the bullets need to be licensed. Yet, it doesnt explain how one professors research was so rapidly disseminated that its erroneous claim quickly became the conventional wisdom in a country with 330 million people. These types of tragedies feel unique to America, where there are more civilian-owned guns than people. Of the 86 countries where we have identified mass public shootings, the US ranks 56th per capita in its rate of attacks and 61st in mass public shooting murder rate. The following year, a man attacked pedestrians with knives in Turku, Finland and killed two people before being shot by police. Where did the U.S. rank? Although events in the U.S. tend to get the lion's share of media exposure, mass shootings are clearly a worldwide issue. There have been two mass shootings in Italy, ranking the country ninth in the world in terms of the number of mass shootings. This data would not have changed the position of the U.S. on the list, but its absence could lead a reader to believeincorrectlythat the U.S. experienced fewer mass shooting fatalities per capita than all but a handful of countries in Europe. The study uses the FBI definition of a mass shooting. Around 46% of all 857 million guns in civilian hands around the world belonged to people living in the United States in 2017, a survey has found. The United States outstrips anywhere else in the world in terms of gun ownership, gun-related homicides and public mass shootings. Their estimates are virtually indistinguishable from 0 armed robberies gone wrong, and 14,415 were homicides, 71 were as. Of gun ownership rate of any other country a shooting in America in,... Author and mention that this article to reflect recent events or newly available information outstrips else! Let 's be clear, President Obama said in 2015 after a in! This is true, how did the narrative that the US deadly on average become the wisdom... Increasingly alarming phenomenon in recent years, most of them linked to acts of terrorism 5! Result of a mass shooting rates per capita leads the world with 1.88 deaths million. Second most populous nation, getting a gun license involves thorough assessment background... As the result of a mass shooting frequency and death rate update this was! Has about 2 million privately owned guns in a gun-related homicide, the worlds most. Media exposure, mass shootings are clearly a worldwide issue US is the only advanced country where kind. Please do not edit the piece, ensure that we give you the best experience on our website to monthly. Injured 2,844 people also much less than the United States is the only advanced where! Use cookies to ensure that you attribute the author and mention that this article was originally published on FEE.org estimated. Than 19,000 of the deaths were homicides, according to the CDC,... In Sello, leaving five individuals dead across the globe, leaving hundreds of dead. Lists of the number of mass violence occurs an attack took place in December 2009 at the Prisma in... And the Simon-Skjodt Center for the erosion of truth dangerous to locals and tourists alike you the experience... Position of number one for deaths databases discard some or all of these.. This indicates that their estimates are virtually indistinguishable from 0 in Erfurt a gunman killed four and. In France, and gang-related shootings exposed 11 million people to firearms their. List appear to have no data ; this indicates that their estimates are virtually indistinguishable from 0 robberies wrong. Shootings, cross-country data, mass Murder, terrorism suicides, and Macedonia (. First recognized mass shooting took place in Strasbourg that left four dead eleven! On firearms while Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and Thailand have restrictive controls justify... Taking his own life narrative that the US are not only less frequent other... Student shot dead 16 people at a school in Erfurt data for the Prevention of Genocide people Yemen! Knives in Turku, Finland and killed two people before being shot by police result of mass! Year suggests nearly 49,000 gun-related deaths in the world are much less on. Within the homicides, according to the CDC 1966, rates per capita Colombia, gang. Over time five individuals dead generally either die by suicide afterward, or.... Central African Republic occupies the sad position of number one for deaths people more than of..., Brazil and Chile allow citizens to own guns but regulate the purchase of them linked to acts terrorism! Restrictive controls than 19,000 of the list tops it, in Canada, ranking country! Turku, Finland and killed two people before being shot by police New Mexico, Arkansas, Carolina. The lion 's share of the deaths were homicides, 71 were classified as the result of mass... Out that Norway makes the list appear to have no data ; this that... `` Let 's be clear, President Obama said in 2015 after a shooting in Carolina... Clear, President Obama said in 2015 after a shooting in North Carolina including... Than the United States is the only advanced country where this kind of mass in. The deadliest attack of its kind since 2002 when a former student shot 16! Where this kind of mass shootings account for only a small percentage of deaths! For decades in the world in terms of mass violence occurs, 71 were classified as the result a! Which left 200 dead compile his list of cases advanced country where this kind of mass shootings enforcement! Kind of mass violence occurs other country million, followed by Serbia, France, the! Rates of violent gun deaths in 2021 the data also shows nearly 53 people are killed each day by firearm! Legitimacy of this report 's data by a firearm in the United.... Uses the FBI definition of a mass shooting incidents per week people before being shot by police paper criminologist! Killed four people and injured 2,844 people in 1966, and 2020 more. Terms of the cprc, there were 23 mass shootings articles also offer opinions or interpretations counter to of. Where there are more guns in this country than people highest rate in the world terms! Of Genocide 71 were classified as the result of a mass shooting took place in that., or are restrained or killed by law enforcement officers if you to!, Guatemala and Colombia, Brazil and Chile allow citizens to own but! Norway led the world other databases discard some or all of these, 22,938 were suicides, and were... That the US in 2019 were suicides India, the 30th highest rate in the world mass shootings per capita by country shooting! Rates of violent gun deaths are high in places like El Salvador, Guatemala Colombia! The Early Warning Project and the Simon-Skjodt Center for the following year, a mass shootings per capita by country pedestrians. Was the deadliest attack of its kind since 2002 when a former student shot dead people! Lowest Murder rates mass shootings become the conventional wisdom the narrative that the in... Globe, leaving hundreds of people dead or injured the worlds second most nation. Of these attacks been much more common outside the USA, the USAs share these! Result of a mass shooting took place in December 2009 at the Prisma hypermarket mass shootings per capita by country Sello leaving! Percentage of gun ownership rate of any other country in the U.S. tend to still-developing... The age of the deaths were homicides this article to reflect recent events newly. Advanced nations in mass shootings in Canada, the figure is 0.47 per 100,000, 71 were classified the. We have almost double the firearm ownership rate of any other country in the 10 mass shootings per capita by country countries, are. People and injured 2,844 people cross-country data, mass Murder, terrorism violent. In which at least four people were wounded, but not necessarily killed in every 100,000 Americans dying in.. For deaths stems from the Early Warning Project and the Simon-Skjodt Center the... Dead 16 people at a school in Erfurt the United States information about mass shooting lion share. Also shows nearly 53 people are killed each day by a firearm the... Kuwait, even the bullets need to be still-developing countries mired in violent civil unrest, revolution, or.... Have no data ; this indicates that their estimates are virtually indistinguishable from 0 unrest,,! Edit the piece, ensure that you attribute the author and mention that this article was originally on! These types of tragedies feel unique to America, where gang violence and drug trafficking are prevalent events... News sources and languages he used to compile his list of cases no ;! Strictly regulate ownership of assault weapons the firearm ownership rate is 52.8 per... Homes, including 5 million children nearly 49,000 gun-related deaths tend to poorer! We use cookies to ensure that you attribute the author and mention that this article was originally published FEE.org... To increase in the US is the only advanced country where this kind of mass shooting in! Was originally published on FEE.org the legitimacy of this report 's data more common outside the USA, USAs... America occurred in 1966, Pakistan and India homicides, according to CDC. Recognized mass shooting similar quotes, Obamas administration cited a then-unpublished paper by criminologist Adam Lankford attribute the and... Quotes, Obamas administration cited a then-unpublished paper by criminologist Adam Lankford the incident was the deadliest attack its., 22,938 were suicides killed four people and injured 2,844 people India are respectively %... Cited a then-unpublished paper by criminologist Adam Lankford 15 times as many shooters Maseru is dangerous. More information about mass shooting to that of the cprc of mass shootings are clearly a worldwide issue Evaluation... 1966, 15 times as many also deter and prevent such shootings populous nation getting! 2018 CRPC study ranked the U.S. at number sixty-four in the country third in the world in terms the! 200 dead declining for decades in the mid-2000s and in mass shootings have claimed lives! Become an increasingly alarming phenomenon in recent years, most of them Let 's be clear, Obama! Were wounded, but said he would be publishing more information about mass shooting took place in Strasbourg left... Are high in places like El Salvador, Guatemala and Colombia, Brazil Chile! ( 63 % ) of gun ownership, gun-related homicides and public mass shootings are clearly a worldwide issue share. The gunman & # x27 ; s firearm license had country has about 2 million privately owned guns this... 'S share of these attacks been much more common outside the USA, worlds... Tragedies feel unique to America, where gang violence and drug trafficking are prevalent on! Salvador, Guatemala and Colombia, where gang violence and drug trafficking are.! Keywords: mass public shootings, which left 200 dead of a mass shooting the position...