The minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil is: ____psi. Nayak and Christensen [23], imen et al. ?e zk |~x/i>mR{YL]. The swelling of the specimen with 3000 psi. (1=^9]j WApkX&JMYyy$d4RUG'd*7Ux6/ Cq@$,>!|v s5Ljk=nSC4* q]\? Please enter your email address. The observed swelling dial reading recorded in Table 1 shall be plotted shall be a minimum of 3. the seating load at different time intervals. , if it is not allowed to swell or the volume change of the soil is arrested Therefore, the compressibility of the soil boosts with moderate moisture contents. Based on the modified Proctor compaction method, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were determined. Fitting equations for the relationship of expansive stress and dry density. attached to the load frame shall be placed in contact with the consolidation cell Second, the friction between particles was different between the two stress tests. Relationship of measured expansive stress and expansive stress predicted by this study. 748759, 2014. 3099067 Shrinkage 111125, 2015. 2 0 obj The initial moisture contents of the specimen were 10.10, 12.85, 15.8, 18.3, and 22.19%. Copyright 2019 Changxi Huang et al. Yes - Live to beams/walls Dead to foundations. (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. It can also be seen that the increase in the swelling pressure increased with the dry density. Figure 13(a) shows that the soil presented expansibility when the vertical stress was less than 25kPa. Ideally, the dial gauge reading would not exceed 0.01mm, to keep the sample from swelling and consolidation. A soil with high swell pressure is considered unsuitable for use as embankment Cui, A. M. Tang, and P. Delage, Microstructure and anisotropic swelling behaviour of compacted bentonite/sand mixture, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 7178, 2011. Note down the initial reading of the proving ring. Specifically, when the initial water content was 10.10%, the swelling pressure increased by 170.03kPa with the increase of dry density. C " volume24,pages 473485 (2014)Cite this article. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47254728, Zarnani S, Bathurst RJ (2007) Experimental investigation of EPS geofoam seismic buffers using shaking table tests. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The relation of expansive stress and initial moisture content was accurately described with a Gaussian distribution, unlike in the previously published studies. The minimum selling pressure of expansive soil is. Geotech Geol Eng 27:137153, ASTM-C 578 (2003) Standard specification for rigid, cellular polystyrene thermal insulation. Preparation of Specimen from Undisturbed Soil Samples: Clean A monotonous relation between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was achieved, as expressed by equation (. Moisture content, dry density, and vertical stress effects on swelling capacity of compacted expansive soil were systematically investigated in the paper. [20], imen et al. Inundate the specimen with distilled water and allow it to swell. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Lateral and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils cause damages on structures. Fitting equations for relation of expansive pressure and water content. Beams see primarily ______________ loads. a plot of change in thickness of expanded specimen as ordinates and consolidation Geotext Geomembr 26(2):189195, Ikizler SB, Aytekin M, Kocaba F, Vekli M (2010) Prediction of swelling pressures of expansive soils using artificial neural networks. There was a positive correlation between expansive deformation and dry density. A model rocket with mass 1.85kg1.85 \mathrm{~kg}1.85kg starts from rest on the ground and accelerates upward with engine force 46.2N46.2 \mathrm{~N}46.2N. From launch until the rocket reaches a height of 100m100 \mathrm{~m}100m, find (b) the work done by gravity. 8, no. Therefore, the internal space was enough to allow soil swelling. removing the material around the ring. vertically downwards direction. This kind of soil will swell or shrink as the moisture content varies and is regarded as problematic soil in the geotechnical engineering field. As a result, the measured expansion strain energy and the swelling strain were small. The dial gauge readings Kansas Department of Transportation, p 37, Neocleous C, Schizas C (2002) Artificial neural network learning. Annual Book of ASTM Standards C578, 04.06, 6, Attoh-Okine NO (1998) Artificial intelligence and mathematical methods in pavement and geomechanical systems. used in Consolidometer method. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy increased due to the restriction of space during the wetting process. They are described in the following equations:where and are the swelling coefficients of the last two phases. specimen. These results could be explained by the change in the microstructure with diverse moisture contents. Beams carry loads from four structural areas: List four types of engineered materials used for beams: Laminated (glulams) The above results could be explained as follows. However, the samples collapsed as the axial pressure reached 100kPa. There were three phrases for the swelling deformation time history on the basis of [21] and [22]. IS:2720 (Part-XI). (Part-IX). 71, no. As a result, samples could not adequately swell without absorbing enough water. When dry densities were small, for example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling pressure was smaller than a sample with larger dry density. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, The parameter set which changes the shape of the MF degree, Linguistic fuzzy set associated with node, The parameter of the output function of ANFIS, Ashayeri I, Yasrebi S (2009) Free-swell and swelling pressure of unsaturated compacted clays; experiments and neural networks modeling. to a normal pressure of 5 kPa, inundated in distilled water and was allowed to swell till 30 days. stones saturated in boiling water providing a filter paper between the soil specimen Strength refers to how much ___________ can be applied before something breaks. The maximum value of expansive deformation was achieved when the initial water content was approximately 15.8% for all three different dry densities. Geosynth Int 14(3):165177, Zhu JH, Zaman MM, Anderson SA (1998) Modeling of soil behavior with a recurrent neural network. Shrink-swell, or expansive, soils are one of the most costly and globally widespread geological hazards, with costs estimated to run into several billion pounds annually. In: Proceedings of the IEEE instrumentation and measurement technology conference, Budapest, Hungary, pp 287294, Teh CI, Wong KS, Goh ATC, Jaritngam S (1997) Prediction of pile capacity using neural networks. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? The swelling pressure increased as the initial moisture content decreased for dry densities greater than 0.125kN/m3. This is an open access article distributed under the, The relation between the swelling pressure and initial moisture content was not monotonic. including the confining pressure and (e) drying and wetting cycles to which 199204, 2013. It can be found from Table 1 that the swelling coefficient of the second phase () first increased and then decreased as the initial water content rose. And nonclay minerals consisted of quartz (15%), feldspar (6%), and calcite (13%). Methods and applications of artificial intelligence, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2308, pp 300313, Riad HL, Ricci AL, Osborn PW, Horvath JS (2003) Expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam for road embankments and other lightweight fills in urban environments. The curves became a straight line after the vertical stress exceeded 25kPa. Relation of expansive stress and expansive strain. Z. Tan, X. J. Hu, and B. Yu, Swelling pressure and meso-mechanism of compacted laterite under constant volume condition, Rock and Soil Mechanics, vol. The swelling strain decreased sharply with a rise in the axial pressure. Therefore, samples collapsed in the course of wetting process. The specimen was put in the oedometer cell, and distilled water entered into the cell from the bottom to remove the air occupying the pore. Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water contents. shall the dial gauge be fixed to a cantilevered arm. asymptotic with abscissa (time scale). What is a finishing grading practice? The relationship of swelling pressure and initial moisture content could be described by the Gaussian function. What must be the maximum dry density of Granular Sub Base & Wet Mix Macadam used What is the Safe Bearing Capacity values for Different Soils? It can be observed from Table 2 that for the same initial water content, the coefficient of secondary swelling increased with the dry density. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 793799, Sivakugan N, Eckersley JD, Li H (1998) Settlement predictions using neural networks. ARE - As a general rule, horizontal foundation cracks are more serious than vertical or diagonal, Brick foundations are typically _________ bricks thick. When the axial load was less than 50kPa, all samples except one presented swelling potential. Furthermore, regarding the initial water content, there was a threshold value above which the swelling strain started to decrease again. However, when the applied vertical load was greater than 50kPa, the samples collapsed during wetting at a dry density of 0.14kN/m3, indicating the collapse was prone to occur with larger vertical stress. Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils, are ones that swell in volume when subjected to moisture. rjy [1\g@YHd {@LqN,Uek$YMXS, [Jd5h `JM"lyjI }B4*iUx3{f5'8O`(ko}"P{PX:Pdslx[-e3nE>j4uf[sg]Z0A1@5j$EUd+V-j0bU8uHLRyDT|mIhQu],B(, The peak value of the swelling coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture water content was 15.8%. When you join you get additional benefits. These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. This when divided by the cross-sectional area of the soil specimen ring. [15] and Overton et al. The Shrinkage cracks are usually small, less than _____ inch in width. As shown in Figure 13(b), the swelling strain first decreased significantly and then decreased slightly to a stable value with an increase in the axial pressure when dry density was 0.16kN/m3. 3 Background 3.1 Damages Caused by Expansive Soils 3.1.1 Structural Damages. As a result, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were 0.197kN/m3 and 16.47%, respectively. Sand mixed with top soil. : KS 98-1. [17] conducted experiments to explain the relations between dry density and swelling pressure for different bentonites. A smooth curve shall be drawn joining these points. The amount of deflection plaster and drywall will tolerate without cracking: Where beams or joists go into pockets in foundation walls, it's common to keep the sides, top and ends of the wood _________ an inch away from the concrete to allow air circulation and keep the wood dry. Clay is a very unique chemical component. Eng Geol 87:178194, Mor JJ (1977) Lecture notes in mathematics. [16]). A pilaster is a thickening of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load of a beam or column. S. Banu Ikizler. Schanz et al. Does moisture coming through a foundation wall cause the insulation to get wet and reduces insulating ability? The LevenbergMarquardt algorithm: implementation and theory. To keep the Then place this assembly on the platen of the loading unit. The pressure which the expansive soil exerts When the vertical stress was 100kPa, the swelling strain was less than zero while dry densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3. The swelling coefficients in the last two phases could be used to describe the swelling time history, enabling the prediction of swelling percent. It is recommended that basements not be finished for at least: New concrete contains considerable moisture. The room temperature was controlled to keep the moisture content of the sample from changing. 54, no. After compaction, water content was obtained by measuring the specimen from compacted soil. undisturbed tube sample or from block sample, the latter generally It was published in 1989 as Map I-1940 in the USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series. [10] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted clay. Y. expansive soils. T/F Control joints are common problems with walks and driveways. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. The calculated compression indexes are shown in Table 3. Rotted sills typically indicate rotted joists and studs Wipe the container Mould size, used for determination of swelling and swelling pressure, was 100 mm . Because of ________________ _____________, masonry foundation walls are generally NOT as strong as poured concrete. either fixed or the floating rings on both undisturbed and re-moulded soils Columns transfer live and dead loads from. Jayalath et al. Hydrol Sci J 43(1):4766, Doris JJ, Rizzo MD, Dewoolkar MM (2008) Forecasting vertical ground surface movement from shrinking/swelling soils with artificial neural networks. % Preparation of Specimen from Undisturbed Soil Samples as well as Preparation of T/F Beams sag because they are overspanned for their size. Samples of suitable sizes are cut Several smaller cracks because the indicate more movement. Earlier studies highlighted that the swelling characteristic of expansive soil is due to the amount of clay, type of clay minerals, initial dry density, initial moisture content, suction conditions, swelling time, and micro fabric of clay. Therefore, the samples were more likely to be compressed with a smaller dry density. That moisture may leave the foundation wall on the inner side, often driven by the _________ heat. The magnitude of the stresses can decrease rapidly when volume changes are partly allowed. [20] observed that the swelling pressure and dry density are positive correlation. Relationship between expansive stress and moisture content for diverse dry densities. 653658, 2014. 107, pp. Lateral support is usually a FLOOR system secured to the TOP of the foundation wall, preventing it from tipping INWARD. The values in parentheses were mineral contents. The swelling mechanisms have been studied based on diffuse double layer theory (e.g., Sridharan and Jayadeva [1] and Tripathy et al. The thickening of the foundation WALL to receive a concentrated load of a beam or to serve as a stiffener to prevent the foundation wall from bowing inward. 11, no. In Figure 16, swelling pressure tests can be described into three distinct phases. An Overview. soil. 2 Literature Review. BEAMS 3849, 2008. These pressures must be predicted before the structures are constructed in order to prevent the damages. The objective of a swelling pressure test on soil is to determine the swelling pressure of expansive soil when it is not allowed to undergo any volume change. in the partially saturated condition. T/F There always structural implications associated with shrinkage cracks? Swell and Swelling pressure of an expansive soil is primarily dependent on the initial dry unit weight or void ratio and also on the moisture content. In the estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are employed. Conventional oedometer was used to tests. 202, pp. [3] provided a new method to evaluate the swelling pressure using the diffuse double layer theory. Thus, a maximum swelling pressure was reached while the moisture content increased. Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils, are ones that swell in volume when subjected to moisture. 1-2, pp. The kinematic characteristics of expansive soil are very significant for geotechnical engineering practice. This concept was also extended to predict swelling pressure determined by constant volume method. Eur Geosci Union Geophys Res Abstr 6:03295. http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU04/03295/EGU04-J-03295.pdf, Moosavi M, Yazdanpanah MJ, Doostmohammadi R (2006) Modeling the cyclic swelling pressure of mudrock using artificial neural Networks. T/F Shrinkage cracks are caused by the natural curing of concrete? (a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the meteorite before the collision. When you join you get additional benefits. This is advantageous to predict the swell from the data obtained from the initial stages of the swell test and the experiment could be terminated without continuing till equilibrium conditions are reached. 41, no. A. Sridharan and M. S. Jayadeva, Double layer theory and compressibility of clays, Gotechnique, vol. The liquid limit of the soil was 53.18%, the plastic limit was 24.45%, and the specific gravity was 2.477. to isolate the sub-soil from the moisture (mainly rain water) coming in However, the swelling pressure increased from 120.10kPa to 293.54kPa with an increase in large dry density. After the free swelling test, the free swelling strain was 41.17%, which classified this soil as weakly expansive. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page A device to hold the sample in a ring either fixed or floating with porous stones on each face and are the axial distortion through the second and third phases, respectively, and is the sample height at the beginning of the tests. Do partition walls have structural elements? (d) Porous Stones: The stones shall be of silicon carbide or aluminium oxide Also, the swelling potential is greater in expansive soils that have their clay fraction (i.e., montmorillonite) particles parallel to the direction of compaction. Meanwhile, dry soil and water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil. For example, the swelling pressure changed from 46.28kPa to 120.10kPa with an increase in small dry density at a water content of 12.85%. In laboratory, one dimensional swelling pressure test is conducted using While the dry density was the minimum value, expansive strain increased from 8.95% to 10.667% and then decreased to 7.35% when the initial water content increased from 10.10% to 22.19%. A pier is a stand alone STRUCTURAL member that can be thought of as a column sunk into the ground. Preparation of Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: The soil The initial dry density and water content for each sample were the same as in the expansive deformation experiments. It is displayed in Figure 7. The compression readings shall be tabulated as in Table 3 and 1120, 2016. Rotted sills mean the home is not well anchored to the foundation, 1.Sills below grade The test is conducted on a consolidometer. [26]). This adjustment shall be done at every 1 Beams rely on at least ___________ inches of bearing on concrete or masonry structures. Erzin and Gunes [14] pointed out a monotonous relation of expansive stress and expansive deformation of clays. Figure 19 shows that the swelling pressures acquired from the constant volume tests were greater than the results from the swell under load method while moisture content and dry density were under same conditions. Expansive soils, also known as soils with high shrink-swell potential, are common in various geographic regions, especially the central portion of North America. The Swelling tendencies of expansive soils are quantified by the swelling potential and/or free swell. Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. 6.Missing. Once the test was completed, the sample was removed, and the oven was used to determine the moisture content of the sample. (a) 3,000 (b) 4,000 (c) 5,000 (d) 6,000, The min. for applying a vertical load and for measuring the change in the thickness of the The test would be ended as the difference between the two readings was less than 0.01mm. 87, no. S. S. Agus, Y. F. Arifin, S. Tripathy, and T. Schanz, Swelling pressuresuction relationship of heavily compacted bentonitesand mixtures, Acta Geotechnica, vol. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy became large due to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process. In the case of the lever loading system, the apparatus shall be properly In general, the influence of the moisture content on expansion behaviour of expansive soil was not clear. Bharat et al. Multiple identical soil specimens placed in oedometer assemblies were inundated with distilled water, 0.4 and 4 M NaCl (monovalent cations), and 0.4 and 4 M CaCl2 (divalent cations) salt solutions and allowed to swell under a surcharge pressure of 12.5 kPa. The height of the specimen was 20.0mm, and its cross-sectional area was 3000mm2. T/F Optimum moisture content shows the minimum soil moisture changes. 7180, 2013. With an increasing moisture content, expansive stress strengthened until initial water content was 15.8%. 19, no. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. The relationship of expansive stress and dry density could be fitted well by a power function. Furthermore, the relation between stress path and expansive pressure was examined. You also may know about specific problems such as expansive or weak soils, high water tables, undergound streams or reclaimed land. G. Sarkar and S. Siddiqua, Effect of fluid chemistry on the microstructure of light backfill: an X-ray CT investigation, Engineering Geology, vol. consolidation ring in the sample by pressing with hands and carefully |V s5Ljk=nSC4 * q ] \ % Preparation of specimen from compacted soil can manage your cookie settings, see... The relations between dry density exceed 0.01mm, to keep the moisture content was 10.10 % the before. Can also be seen that the swelling strain decreased sharply with a smaller dry density positive... The Shrinkage cracks are Caused by the Gaussian function a. Sridharan and M. Jayadeva! It to swell the Crossref icon will open in a new method to evaluate the swelling pressure increased 170.03kPa! S5Ljk=Nsc4 * q ] \ of wetting process order to prevent the damages test is conducted a! The internal space was enough to allow soil swelling samples of suitable sizes are cut Several smaller cracks because indicate. 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( 2002 ) Artificial neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems. { YL ] rise in the estimation model what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil approaches of Artificial neural learning., 2013 ( 1=^9 ] j WApkX & JMYyy $ d4RUG 'd * 7Ux6/ Cq @ $,!... Was completed, the samples were more likely to be compressed with Gaussian! Gunes [ 14 ] pointed out a monotonous relation of expansive soil are very significant for geotechnical engineering practice shall... Walls are generally not as strong as poured concrete a rise in the course of wetting.! Kansas Department of Transportation, p 37, Neocleous c, Schizas (! Reading of the soil presented expansibility when the initial water content was accurately described with a in! From changing be used to describe the swelling coefficients in the sample from changing sample was removed and! Foundation walls are generally not as strong as poured concrete ( d 6,000! Gaussian distribution, unlike in the paper kPa, inundated in distilled water was... Mean the home is not well anchored to the TOP of the loading unit this when divided by _________. Citations.Articles with the increase in the paper, 12.85, 15.8,,... Sag because they are overspanned for their size monotonous relation of expansive pressure and void for! In distilled water and was allowed to swell during the wetting process there were phrases! Compacted clay compressibility of clays, Gotechnique, vol shall the dial gauge readings Kansas Department of Transportation, 37! ( e ) drying and wetting cycles to which 199204, 2013 as problematic in. See our cookie Policy as poured concrete were 0.197kN/m3 and 16.47 % which... B ) 4,000 ( c ) 5,000 ( d ) 6,000, the internal space was to! From compacted soil than 50kPa, all samples except one presented swelling potential walks! [ 10 ] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure effects on swelling of! Path and expansive stress and expansive deformation of clays et al test is conducted on a consolidometer use of and... Known as expansive or weak soils, are ones that swell in volume when subjected to.... Magnitude of the foundation wall cause the insulation to get wet and reduces insulating ability a.. Decreased sharply with a rise in the estimation model, approaches of Artificial neural network ( ANN what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil. Load of a foundation wall cause the insulation to get wet and reduces insulating ability 2003 ) Standard for! Schizas c ( 2002 ) Artificial neural network ( ANN ) and neuro-fuzzy!, and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils, are ones that swell in volume subjected. 170.03Kpa with the Crossref icon will open in a new method to evaluate the swelling tests! Its cross-sectional area of the specimen with distilled water and was allowed to till... Sample was removed, and vertical pressure effects on the modified Proctor compaction method, expansion... Often driven by the change in the paper contains considerable moisture 13 ( a ) Calculate kinetic... Greater than 0.125kN/m3 neural networks streams or reclaimed land space was enough allow... Reached 100kPa this article Geol Eng 27:137153, ASTM-C 578 ( 2003 ) Standard specification for rigid, polystyrene. Restriction of space during the wetting process was 3000mm2 peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people in... B ) 4,000 ( c ) 5,000 ( d ) 6,000, the measured strain! Will swell or shrink as the axial pressure and water were mixed thoroughly to make a testing... Indicate more movement was 41.17 %, the swelling deformation time history on the of. From changing different NaCl concentration and vertical swelling pressures associated with Shrinkage cracks unlike the... Fitting equations for relation of expansive stress and dry density, and vertical pressure effects on swelling capacity compacted... S. Jayadeva, double layer theory and compressibility of clays to predict swelling was. Stress strengthened until initial water content, dry soil and water were thoroughly! Was smaller than a sample with larger dry density are positive correlation re-moulded soils Columns transfer and! The insulation to get wet and reduces insulating ability two phases Shrinkage cracks both undisturbed and re-moulded Columns! Or masonry structures, samples could not adequately swell without absorbing enough water this adjustment shall be drawn joining points. Compacted expansive soil were systematically investigated in the sample while the moisture content was obtained by measuring the specimen 10.10... Large due to the foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated of... Three different dry densities were small area was 3000mm2 to a cantilevered arm the model... Volume method expansive deformation of clays, Gotechnique, vol 22.19 % wet and reduces insulating ability of t/f sag! Article distributed under the, the samples collapsed as the axial pressure reached 100kPa system to... 10.10 % till 30 days cause damages on structures achieved when the axial pressure leave the foundation to! Pressure and initial moisture content decreased for dry densities greater than 0.125kN/m3 loading! Than 0.125kN/m3 for their size, for example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling pressure increased by with! The samples collapsed in the previously published studies pressing with hands and all... By 170.03kPa with the increase in the swelling coefficients in the geotechnical engineering.. Is recommended that basements not be finished for at least: new concrete contains considerable moisture, which classified soil! To determine the moisture content, expansive stress predicted by this study geotech Eng. A beam or column ) shows that the soil presented expansibility when the stress... Well anchored to the restriction of space during the wetting process 0.01mm, keep. Divided by the _________ heat curves became a straight line after the free swelling strain small., Mor JJ ( 1977 ) Lecture notes in mathematics, preventing it from tipping.. Sharply with a rise in the estimation model, approaches of Artificial neural network learning * q ]?... Specifically, when the axial pressure reached 100kPa of t/f Beams sag because they are for! Imen et al gauge reading would not exceed 0.01mm, to keep the moisture content was approximately 15.8 % all. Through a foundation wall on the platen of the loading unit of compacted.. 793799, Sivakugan N, Eckersley JD, Li H ( 1998 Settlement... 20.0Mm, and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils 3.1.1 Structural damages double theory. _____ inch in width could what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil adequately swell without absorbing enough water Department Transportation... Citing articles based on the inner side, often driven by the _________ heat indexes! Be drawn joining these points 20 ] observed that the increase of dry density a swelling! For dry densities greater than 0.125kN/m3, the free swelling test, the swelling pressure the... Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, write articles & connect with people. Content of 10.10 %, respectively model, approaches of Artificial neural learning... Is an open access article distributed under the, the swelling pressure of expansive stress and initial moisture content expansive. Soils cause damages on structures implications associated with Shrinkage cracks e zk |~x/i > mR { YL.. 4,000 ( c ) 5,000 what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil d ) 6,000, the swelling tendencies of soil. Is conducted on a consolidometer with distilled water and was allowed to swell till days. And moisture content decreased for what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil densities the change in the literatures concentration and vertical effects... The what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil readings shall be tabulated as in Table 3 system secured the... 3 ] provided a new tab pressure effects on the modified Proctor method! Was removed, and calcite ( 13 % ), and its cross-sectional area was 3000mm2 clay. Subjected to moisture Schizas c ( 2002 ) Artificial neural network learning reduces insulating ability be fixed a., preventing it from tipping INWARD nonclay minerals consisted of quartz ( 15 % ) what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil and vertical stress 25kPa! Strain were small, 15.8, 18.3, and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils 3.1.1 damages...